Compare substituted judgment and best interests standards in surrogate decision making.

• A. Substituted judgment aims to reflect the patient’s known preferences; best interests focuses on what would benefit the patient when preferences are unknown or unclear.
• B. Substituted judgment is only about medical best interests; best interests disregards patient preferences.
• C. Both standards are identical and interchangeable.
• D. Substituted judgment ignores patient values and only considers family opinions.

Answer: (A)